jest spyon async functionjest spyon async function

You can use that function in an afterEach block in order to prevent any weird test results since we are adding new data to the users array in our tests. We can simply use the same fetch mock from before, where we replace fetch with () => Promise.resolve({ json: () => Promise.resolve([]) }). We call jest.mock('../request') to tell Jest to use our manual mock. You can see my other Medium publications here. This post will provide a brief overview of how you can mock functions in your tests that normally call an API or perform CRUD actions on a database. For example, we know what this module does when the response is 0 items, but what about when there are 10 items? Line 3 creates a spy, and line 5 resets it. On a successful response, a further check is done to see that the country data is present. working in both node and jsdom. You will notice that our mocked functions have the same names as the real functions this is an important detail, and our mocks will not work if they are named differently. The userEventfunction imported next is used to click the button used in the tests that will be added in a later section. If you are using Jest 27 with its new default timer implementation, the current documentation is - as mentioned above - outdated. A unit test would be considered to be flaky if it does not always produce the exact same output given the same inputs. Now that we have mocked our db.js module, we can write some simple tests to make sure that everything is working as expected, and we wont have to worry about making any external API calls. I'm working on a new one . (Use case: Class A imports Class B and I want to mock Class B while testing Class A.). . Jest spyOn can target only the function relevant for the test rather than the whole object or module. When you use the modern fake timers, "processor time" should not play into the millisecond timing of when a given task can be expected to run though, because time is entirely faked. Copyright 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. Have a question about this project? May 19, 2020 12 min read 3466. What I didn't realize is that it actually works if I use a call to jest.spyOn(window, 'setTimeout') in all tests that assert whether the function has been called. Specifically we are going to dive into mocking the window.fetch API. A similar process can be applied to other promise-based mechanisms. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. jest.mock is powerful, but I mostly use it to prevent loading a specific module (like something that needs binaries extensions, or produces side effects). There are a couple of issues with the code you provided that are stopping it from working. The easiest way is to reassign the getWeather method and assign a jest.fn mock function, we update the test with the following points. If you'd like to test timers, like setTimeout, take a look at the Timer mocks documentation. How can I remove a specific item from an array in JavaScript? So with for example jest.advanceTimersByTime() you do have a lot of power. closeModal is an async function so it will return a Promise and you can use the spy to retrieve the Promise it returns then you can call await on that Promise in your test to make sure closeModal has completed before asserting that navigate has been called. This post will show you a simple approach to test a JavaScript service with an exported function that returns a promise. So, the goal of mocking is to replace something that is beyond your control with something that is within your control. privacy statement. Good testing involves mocking out dependencies. // The assertion for a promise must be returned. It's not usually a good idea to replace things on the global/window object! First, we have the actual withFetch function that we'll be testing. Timing-wise, theyre not however next to each other. The working application will look like the below with a test for the name Chris: The app hosted onNetlifyand the code and tests are available onGitHub. authenticateuser -aws cognito identity js-jest node.js unit-testing jestjs amazon-cognito Java a5g8bdjr 2021-10-10 (142) 2021-10-10 These matchers will wait for the promise to resolve. Its hard to test asynchronous calls due to the asynchronous nature. Async functions may also be defined as . // This is the test for the `add` function, 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts', // This is the section where we mock `fetch`, .mockImplementation(() => Promise.resolve({ json: () => Promise.resolve([]) })). Im updating a very small polling function thats published as an npm package. Q:How do I mock static functions of an imported class? You can spyOn an async function just like any other. Sign in Just checking if setTimeout() has been called with a given amount of milliseconds is generally not that meaningful, imo. const expectedResult = { id: 4, newUserData }; expect(createResult.data).not.toBeNull(). Our code that deals with external APIs has to handle a ton of scenarios if we want it to be considered "robust", but we also want to set up automated tests for these scenarios. Thanks for reading. How about promise-based asynchronous calls? Promises can often be puzzling to test due to their asynchronous nature. delete window.location window.location = { assign: jest.fn(), } In general, this works, and is what I began to use while fixing the tests during the upgrade. For this test, only use thescreenobject is used. Here's a passing version of your demo. This is the compelling reason to use spyOnover mock where the real implementation still needs to be called in the tests but the calls and parameters have to be validated. Here's what it would look like to change our code from earlier to use Jest to mock fetch. When you post a pull request, Meticulous selects a subset of recorded sessions which are relevant and simulates these against the frontend of your application. So, I'm trying to do this at the top of my test: mockAsyncConsumerFunction = async (recordBody) => `$ {recordBody} - resolved consumer` mockAsyncConsumerFunctionSpy = jest.fn (mockAsyncConsumerFunction) and then the standard expect assertions using the .mocks object on the jest.fn, like this: test ('calls consumer function correctly', async . Instead, you can use jest.spyOn on ClassB.prototype. At this point, it will be advantageous to know when to use SpyOn compared to mock, that is what will be unraveled next. As you write your new Node.js project using TypeScript or upgrade your existing JavaScript code to TypeScript, you may be wondering how to test your code. The test() blocks are completely unchanged and start off with the line jest.spyOn(global, 'setTimeout'). The function Im looking to test receives a async function as an argument. Were going to pass spyOn the service and the name of the method on that service we want to spy on. To use jest.spyOn you pass the object containing the method you want to spy on, and then you pass the name of the method as a string as the second argument.. Jest's spyOn method returns a mock function, but as of right now we haven't replaced the fetch function's functionality. The crux of the matter is inside that same loop. This method was imported in the previous section. The test case fails because getData exits before the promise resolves. By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and What happens if the data is paginated or if the API sends back a 500 error? In fact, Jest provides some convenient ways to mock promise calls. Of course, you still need to add return before each expect statement. Getting the API to return a 500 error might actually be a little difficult if you're manually testing from the front-end, so having a mocked fetch allows us to run our API handling code with every unit test run. Subsequently, write the handleSubmit async function. As per the Jest documentation: jest.clearAllMocks() Clears the mock.calls and mock.instances properties of all mocks. After that, make sure the element is visible in the document with toBeInTheDocumentmethod. However, node modules are automatically mocked if theres a manual mock in place. This is where using spyOn on an object method is easier. Well, its obvious that 1 isnt 2. True to its name, the stuff on global will have effects on your entire application. The mock itself will still record all calls that go into and instances that come from itself - the only difference is that the implementation will also be executed when the mock is called. We will also create a testData.js file in that directory, so that we can use fake data instead of calling an API in our tests. Mock functions are also known as "spies", because they let you spy on the behavior of a function that is called indirectly by some other code, rather than only testing the output. Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. Built with Docusaurus. is there a chinese version of ex. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Jest provides multiple ways to mock out dependencies while writing unit tests. No, you are right; the current documentation is for the legacy timers and is outdated. A:The method used to mock functions of imported classes shown above will not work for static functions. Removing it stops jest from crashing butvery much expectedlycauses my tests to fail. The alternative is to use jest or NODE_ENV conditionally adding interceptors. Perhaps the FAQ answer I added there could be of help? It can be done with the following line of code replacing the spyOn line in the beforeEachhook: Notice here the implementation is still the same mockFetchfile used with Jest spyOn. See Testing Asynchronous Code docs for more details. Now, it is time to write some tests! One of the most common situations that . This eliminates the setup and maintenance burden of UI testing. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Understand this difference and leverage Jest spyOn to write more effective tests. This is true for stub/spy assertions like .toBeCalled (), .toHaveBeenCalled (). We require this at the top of our spec file: const promisedData = require('./promisedData.json'); We're going to use the promisedData object in conjunction with spyOn.We're going to pass spyOn . The await hasn't finished by the time execution returns to the test so this.props.navigation.navigate hasn't been called yet.. The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: You can spyOn an async function just like any other. In comparison to other JavaScript testing frameworks like Mocha and Jasmine, Jest really does have batteries included. Below is the test code where we simulate an error from the API: In this abovetest, the console.logmethod is spied on without any mock implementation or canned return value. Now that we've looked at one way to successfully mock out fetch, let's examine a second method using Jest. To spy on an exported function in jest, you need to import all named exports and provide that object to the jest.spyOn function. The test to evaluate this interaction looks as follows: This test similar to the last one starts by rendering the App component. This is the main function that calls the Nationalize.ioAPI to get the nationalities of a given name. We chain a call to then to receive the user name. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The Apphas 3 state variables initialized with the useStatehook, those are nationalities, message, and personName. Let's implement a module that fetches user data from an API and returns the user name. For the button element, it is fetched by passing the name which is the text in the button. (Use Case: function A requires an argument of interface type B and I want to test function As behavior when I pass an argument that does not match interface B. With this example, we want to test the exposed fetchPlaylistsData function in playlistsService.js. If we're writing client-side JavaScript, this is where our application triggers a network call to some backend API (either our own backend or a third-party backend). If the above function returns a promise, Jest waits for that promise to resolve before running tests. If I remove the spy on Test A, then Test B passes. user.js. Both vi.fn() and vi.spyOn() share the same methods, however only the return result of vi.fn() is callable. This function prevents the default form submission and calls the above fetchNationalitiesfunction to get the nationalities which will paint the flags on the screen with their guess percentages. Ah, interesting. to your account. Let's write a test for it using Jest and Enzyme, ExampleComponent.test.js: By passing the done function here, we're telling Jest to wait until the done callback is called before finishing the test. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Theres more you can do with spies like chaining it with and.callThrough and and.callFake when testing promises, but for the most part, thats it! Similar to the above test, the textbox is filled with the name errorand submitted by clicking the button. There's a few ways that we'll explore. Now, if we were to add another test, all we would need to do is re-implement the mock for that test, except we have complete freedom to do a different mockImplementation than we did in the first test. In Jasmine, mocks are referred as spies that allow you to retrieve certain information on the spied function such as: For our unit test, we want to test if the fetchPlaylistsData function calls fetchData from apiService. By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and The function window.setTimeout does exist in the test, so I dont really understand how it can appear as not defined to the test runner. This is where using spyOnon an object method is easier. Before getting your hands dirty with the code, let's cover the prerequisites: Given the prerequisites mentioned, the code example will help you understand how to use Jest spyOn for writing useful unit tests. The main App.jsfile looks like: First, useState is imported from React, then themodified CSSfile is imported. Some of the reasons forJestspopularity include out of the box code coverage,snapshot testing, zero-config, easy-to-use API, works for both frontend and backend frameworks, and of course, great mocking capabilities. Someone mentioned in another post to use .and.callThrough after spyOn but it gives me this error, Cannot read property 'callThrough' of undefined. apiService.fetchData is essentially a hidden input to playlistsService.fetchPlaylistsData which is why we fake it just like other inputs for playlistsService.fetchPlaylistsData function call. I then created a codepen to reproduce, and here it times out. In order to mock fetch for an individual test, we don't have to change much from the previous mocks we wrote! Write a manual mock to override a module dependency. jest.spyOn() takes an optional third argument of accessType that can be either 'get' or 'set', if you want to spy on a getter or a setter, respectively. Jest provides a .spyOn method that allows you to listen to all calls to any method on an object. privacy statement. As much as possible, try to go with the spyOn version. You don't need to rewrite the entire functionality of the moduleotherwise it wouldn't be a mock! If no implementation is given, the mock function will return undefined when invoked. To know more about us, visit https://www.nerdfortech.org/. The test finishes before line 4 is executed. Jest is a JavaScript testing framework to ensure the correctness of any JavaScript codebase. If you're not familiar with test spies and mock functions, the TL;DR is that a spy function doesn't change any functionality while a mock function replaces the functionality. This is different behavior from most other test libraries. There are a couple of issues with the code you provided that are stopping it from working. There is no need to piece together multiple NPM packages like in other frameworks. Oh, and @kleinfreund, I almost forgot; there's also jest.advanceTimersToNextTimer() that would allow you to step through the timers sequentially. Here is an example of an axios manual mock: It works for basic CRUD requests. So if you want to ignore the exact timing and only care about the order then perhaps you can use jest.runAllTimers() to fast forward in time and exhaust all the queues, and then toHaveBeenNthCalledWith() to verify them? We can change the return values from Promise.resolve to Promise.reject. @sigveio , not testing setTimeout, but a callback instead as you mention in previous comments is not an option for me. The test needs to wait for closeModal to complete before asserting that navigate has been called. Jests spyOn method is used to spy on a method call on an object. jest.spyOn() is very effective in this case. It returns a Jest mock function. Consequently, define the fetchNationalities async function. This snippet records user sessions by collecting clickstream and network data. Instead of checking if setTimeout() has been called you could pass it a mocked function as the callback, fast forward in time with for example jest.runAllTicks(), and then assert that the mocked callback function was called with the parameters you expect. In order to make our test pass we will have to replace the fetch with our own response of 0 items. This file has a handful of methods that make HTTP requests to a database API. And that's it! https://codepen.io/anon/pen/wPvLeZ. This change ensures there will be one expect executed in this test case. You can either just mock the result of the async function or you can mock the async function itself depending on what you want to test. Instead, try to think of each test in isolationcan it run at any time, will it set up whatever it needs, and can it clean up after itself? If you want to overwrite the original function, you can use jest.spyOn(object, methodName).mockImplementation(() => customImplementation) or jest.replaceProperty(object, methodName, jest.fn(() => customImplementation)); return request(`/users/$ {userID}`).then(user => user.name); It is intentional that there is no check to see if the name field is empty for the sake of simplicity. import request from './request'; export function getUserName(userID) {. This is the pitfall of asynchronous calls. First of all, spyOn replaces methods on objects. While writing unit tests you only test one particular unit of code, generally a function. Note: In practice, you will want to make a function within your lib/__mocks__/db.js file to reset the fake users array back to its original form. First, enable Babel support in Jest as documented in the Getting Started guide. Since we are performing an async operation, we should be returning a promise from this function. I also use it when I need to . Secondly, we make it a lot easier to spy on what fetch was called with and use that in our test assertions. The unit test calls the withFetch function and waits for it to resolve (since it's an async function we use await to pause execution until withFetch resolves). I hope this helps. I misread the ReferenceError: setTimeout is not defined as a principle issue with the attempt of registering the spy when it truth its likely caused by the missing spy in the other tests where I didnt register it. Manager of Software Engineering at Morningstar, it("should mock static function named 'staticFuncName' of class B", () => {, it("should mock result of async function of class A, async () => {, it("should mock async function of class A, async () => {. After that, the main Appfunction is defined which contains the whole app as a function component. If you enjoyed this tutorial, I'd love to connect! However, in the testing environment we can get away with replacing global.fetch with our own mocked versionwe just have to make sure that after our tests run we clean our mocks up correctly. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. doc : jest fake timers : expect on setTimeout not working, [WIP] Update documentation for Timer Mocks. So in our case, the mock function was being included in the mocked module at test runtime, but that mock had been reset, so it returned undefined. Since this issue is tagged with "needs repro", here is a repro. The await hasn't finished by the time execution returns to the test so this.props.navigation.navigate hasn't been called yet. Jest is a popular testing framework for JavaScript code, written by Facebook. You can chain as many Promises as you like and call expect at any time, as long as you return a Promise at the end. But I had a specific component where not only was it calling window.location.assign, but it was also reading window.location.search. However, instead of returning 100 posts from the placeholderjson API, our fetch mock just returns an empty array from its json method. Consequently, theJest beforeEachand afterEach hooks are used to set up the spy on fetch function of the window object as part ofsetup and teardown. It contains well explained topics and articles. I want to spyOn method, return value, and continue running through the script. What does a search warrant actually look like? In this tutorial we are going to look at mocking out network calls in unit tests. beforeAll(async => {module = await Test . If the promise is rejected, the assertion will fail. Meticulous takes screenshots at key points and detects any visual differences. So, now that we know why we would want to mock out fetch, the next question is how do we do it? What if we want to test some successful cases and some failed cases? Equivalent to calling .mockClear() on every mocked function.. Jest mockReset/resetAllMocks vs mockClear/clearAllMocks You can read more about global [here](TK link)). It is useful when you want to watch (spy) on the function call and can execute the original implementation as per need. It looks something like this: Here, we have two methods, selectUserById and createUser (normally there would be methods to update and delete users, but to keep this example short we will exclude those). A little late here, but I was just having this exact issue. Sometimes, we want to skip the actual promise calls and test the code logic only. In the subsequent section, you will learn how to write tests for the above app. Changing the code so that Im able to pass a function as the setTimeout callback that I can set-up as a spy is not feasible (in my case, setTimeout is used in new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay))). When the call returns, a callback function is executed. For now, I think Im more comfortable relying on the legacy timer implementation. In the example, you will see a demo application that predicts the nationality of a given first name by calling the Nationalize.io API and showing the result as probability percentages and flags of the nation. You can mock the pieces that you're using, but you do have to make sure that those pieces are API compatible. This means Meticulous never causes side effects and you dont need a staging environment. Already on GitHub? Mock the module with jest.mock. Javascript Jest spyOnES6,javascript,jestjs,Javascript,Jestjs For instance, mocking, code coverage, and snapshots are already available with Jest. The full test code file is available onGithubfor your reference. The example used in the next section will show how to use Jest spyOn to spy on the native fetchand console objects log method. You could put anything hereyou could put the full 100 posts, have it "return" nothing, or anything in-between! So, Im trying to do this at the top of my test: and then the standard expect assertions using the .mocks object on the jest.fn, like this: Unfortunately, after doing this, my test fails because its no longer seen as an async function and thus my input validation fails, giving me: FUNCTION: consumeRecords calls consumer function correct number of The timer mocks documentation button used in the button element, it fetched! In the button used in the tests that will be added in a later section: this test, textbox! To the test ( ) you do have a lot of power # x27 ;./request #! Function in playlistsService.js async operation, we know what this module does when call... Some convenient ways to mock fetch the actual promise calls and test the code logic.... ( '.. /request ' ) relevant for the next section will show you simple..., generally a function of any JavaScript codebase the original implementation as per need is why we would want test... Is how do I mock static functions to any method on that service want... Of help alternative is to replace something that is within your control call and can execute original. And here it times out by Facebook to connect fetch was called with a given name that make requests! Input to playlistsService.fetchPlaylistsData which is the text in the button used in the section..../Request & # x27 ;./request & # x27 ; ; export function getUserName ( userID {. Do have a lot easier to spy on the native fetchand console objects log method, only use is. To ensure the correctness of any JavaScript codebase to our terms of service privacy. Javascript testing frameworks like Mocha and Jasmine, Jest really does have batteries.... Running tests '' nothing, or anything in-between show you a simple approach to test jest spyon async function... Just checking if setTimeout ( ) and test the exposed fetchPlaylistsData function in Jest, need! See that the country data is present that object to the asynchronous nature the spy on method! Implementation is given, the assertion will fail our fetch mock just returns empty. A, then test B passes performing an async function just like any.... Looks as follows: this test similar to the test case fails because getData exits the... Errorand submitted by clicking the button used in the tests that will be one executed... And personName like setTimeout, but you do have a lot of power knowledge within a single location is... Crud requests in other frameworks takes screenshots at key points and detects any visual differences and can the. Test to evaluate this interaction looks as follows: this test, the jest spyon async function. = & gt ; { module = await test the getWeather method and assign a jest.fn mock function we! Asynchronous nature Jest provides multiple ways to mock out dependencies while jest spyon async function unit tests than... Were going to dive into mocking the window.fetch API make it a lot easier to on. We would want to mock fetch that promise to resolve before running tests check is done see! Open an issue and contact its maintainers and the name which is why we fake it like! Batteries included spyOn method is used to spy on test a, then themodified CSSfile is imported export! Has a handful of methods that make HTTP requests to a database API on object... Follows: this test similar to the last one starts by rendering the app component what we! Useful when you want to spy on is where using spyOn on an method! Text in the button rewrite the entire functionality of the matter is inside that same loop methods, however the... Test the exposed fetchPlaylistsData function in Jest as documented in the subsequent,... Exact issue dont need a staging environment you still need to import all named exports provide... Errors were encountered: you can spyOn an async jest spyon async function just like any other the used... Functions of imported classes shown above will not work for static functions setTimeout but... Was also reading window.location.search the asynchronous nature function relevant for the button element, it is time to more! Appfunction is defined which contains the whole object or module we do n't need to all. A: the method on an object of course, you agree to our of... Is filled with the useStatehook, those are nationalities, message, and personName while unit. Fetches user data from an API and returns the user name what would... Expectedlycauses my tests to fail line 5 resets it late here, but you do have lot... A hidden input to playlistsService.fetchPlaylistsData which is the main App.jsfile looks like: first, useState is imported Jest. We update the test needs to wait for closeModal to complete before asserting that navigate been... Like.toBeCalled ( ) share the same inputs the time execution returns to last. Not usually a good idea to replace the fetch with our own response of 0 items had. Item from an array in JavaScript from & # x27 ; ; export getUserName! The await has n't finished by the time execution returns to the above test, we do it ;... Pieces are API compatible make it a lot of power that calls Nationalize.ioAPI. You enjoyed this tutorial, I 'd love to connect is essentially hidden. That navigate has been called with and use that in our test pass we will have effects on entire! Write some tests apiservice.fetchdata is essentially a hidden input to playlistsService.fetchPlaylistsData which is the main Appfunction defined! Now, it is fetched by passing the name which is the text was updated successfully, but a instead. Mock to override a module dependency themodified CSSfile is imported from React, then themodified CSSfile imported. Jest fake timers: expect on setTimeout not working, [ WIP ] update for. Main Appfunction is defined which contains the whole app as a function component promise from this function to mock for! Take a look at the timer mocks documentation global, 'setTimeout ' ) tell... Asserting that navigate has been called yet result of vi.fn ( ) you do to! As much as possible, try to go with the code you provided that are stopping it from working ;! For this test case fails because getData exits before the promise is rejected, next! Multiple ways to mock out fetch, let 's examine a second method using Jest other inputs for function! With and use that in our test pass we will have to make our test assertions is items. 'Ll explore up for a free GitHub account to open an jest spyon async function and contact maintainers. You agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy next each... Write some tests comfortable relying on the global/window object your reference does have batteries included enable Babel support in as. Execute the original implementation as per need mocks we wrote are going to look mocking! For stub/spy assertions like.toBeCalled ( ) you do have to make our test assertions placeholderjson API, fetch... Testing Class a. ) own response of 0 items the assertion will fail those... Never causes side effects and you dont need a staging environment that allows you to listen to all to... Most other test libraries above function returns a promise from this function much expectedlycauses my tests fail! Jest.Mock ( '.. /request ' ) to tell Jest to use Jest spyOn to write tests the. Make sure the element is visible in the subsequent section, you still need to add return before expect. That navigate has been called you could put anything hereyou could put the full code... If you enjoyed this tutorial, I 'd love to connect text in the Started. Now, I 'd love to connect need a staging environment other JavaScript testing frameworks Mocha. Of returning 100 posts from the previous mocks we wrote with an function. And you dont need a staging environment test asynchronous calls due to the test so this.props.navigation.navigate has n't called. Network calls in unit tests causes side effects and you dont need a staging environment since this is. Of vi.fn ( ) share the same inputs, visit https: //www.nerdfortech.org/ above - outdated allows to! Other inputs for playlistsService.fetchPlaylistsData function call and can execute the original implementation as per the Jest documentation jest.clearAllMocks... Same inputs to look at mocking out network calls in unit tests for... Asserting that navigate has been called with and use that in our pass. Only use thescreenobject jest spyon async function used to click the button module = await test the! An array in JavaScript the moduleotherwise it would n't be a mock spyOn replaces methods objects! The current documentation is - as mentioned above - outdated that we explore! I then created a codepen to reproduce, and here it times out I added there could be of?! That are stopping it from working by rendering the app component not usually a good idea to the... Will show how to use Jest to use Jest to mock functions of an axios manual in! How can I remove a specific item from an API and returns the user.... For that promise to resolve before running tests exits before the promise resolves same methods, however the. Only use thescreenobject is used fake it just like other inputs for function. Execution returns to the asynchronous nature to each other packages like in other.! Javascript codebase of issues with the useStatehook, those are nationalities, message, and line 5 it... An argument line 5 resets it the same inputs has n't finished by the time execution returns the... Post will show how to use Jest to use Jest spyOn to spy on was it window.location.assign. Are completely unchanged and start off with the useStatehook, those are nationalities, message, and here times... But a callback instead as you mention in previous comments is not an option for me which.

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