1 maccabees summary shmoop1 maccabees summary shmoop
He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of The Jewish War. [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. It includes such fundamental texts as that which states that God created all thingsex nihilo, out of nothing, not out of things which existed (7:28), and those which make it clear that the sacrifice of martyrs is a voluntary form of atonement which placates Gods anger (7:36, 8:5). It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. [20] The book is not written in colloquial "common" Koine Greek of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). 25) gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). the hundred and forty and fifth year. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. They establish a gymnasium, where men socialized in the nude. First and Second Maccabees help us to realize that God watches over his own, and they show that Israel always wins victory over its enemies when it stays true to the Covenant. According to the first book of Maccabees, one of the Hellenistic kings defiled the temple, forbade circumcision, and even set up altars to his gods. VERSE 39. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. VERSE 28. VERSE 5. They are in the Public Domain. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. What did it mean to be Jewish in a predominantly Greek culture? Snow Crash Summary. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. many in Israel were fully resolved. Here are 8 handy tips to get your book club up and running. He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. The first and second Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Jewish list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired and are called deuterocanonical to indicate that they are canonical even though disputed by some. From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . the king sent letters. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. If you like what I write, become my partner by donating. When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). From Alexander to Antiochus. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. To keep the Law of Moses would mean being put to death. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. That is, about 168 BC. The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who 1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Below is the article summary. That is, about 170 BC. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. Some even engage in foreskin restoration. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . Ptolemy IIs court at Alexandria was famed for its learning. VERSE 7. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. [49]He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) Updates? And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. Werner Kappler[de] published a critical edition of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text. And the kingdom was well ordered in the sight of Antiochus, and he thought to reign over Egypt, that he might reign over the two kingdoms. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. VERSE 25. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. As the Bible says, "On the eighth day, God created Shmoop and saw that it was good." Or something like that. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. The Writer gives his final summary. 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