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Darcy, To Serve the Enemy, 15,172200, 212214. 13. Only the state knows. The IRA is devoted both to removing British forces from Northern Ireland and . IRA informer means an IRA member who provides information to British intelligence.10 Alan Barker, former Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch (RUC SB) handler, also describes recruiting agents, who initially were not a member of the terrorist groups but were carefully manoeuvred into one of them by intelligence services.11 British Army agents also infiltrated paramilitary groups.12 These three types of human intelligence sources are discussed. Conversely, not addressing these cases offered the prospect of Sinn Fin facing contemporary criticism from within and outside its community. Furthermore, Dudai adopts the folk devil term from Cohens work. McDonald, Sean OCallaghan, The Guardian, 29 August 2017; OCallaghan, The Informer. 104. The continuation of the neither confirm nor deny policy may also simply seek to protect other informer identities and state security today. Different factors account for state and Republican behaviour towards informer legacy too. 23. We agree that the absence of comprehensive legal restrictions helps explain why the state and IRA ignore some informer legacy cases. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, 650651. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. IRISH TROUBLES, AMERICAN MONEY. He was also . But Darcy explains the Court accepted the States argument that meeting the applicants demands would have serious consequences for its intelligence-gathering capabilities and priority to protect informer identities.118 Neither confirming nor denying this case assists Republican narratives about Stakeknifes and the states immorality. 111. Our article supports this view. Then, in January 1972, British troops opened fire on a Catholic rally in Londonderry, killing fourteen unarmed people. The judiciary would not endorse convictions based on just one witness. The conflict lasted two decades and spanned four U.S. presidencies, becoming the longest war in American history. Fifty years ago, in December 1969, the Provisional IRA was born from the widespread religious violence that had wracked the six counties of Northern Ireland since the preceding August. The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Violence by extremists against the demonstratorsunhindered by the mostly Protestant police force (the Royal Ulster Constabulary)set in motion a series of escalating attacks by both sides. But the various agencies involved also resulted at times from distrust between intelligence agencies.4. In April 2006, he was shot at a remote cottage in Donegal. The IRAs cease-fire ended in February 1996, when a bomb in the Docklands area of London killed two people, though it was reinstated in July of the following year. This announcement was greeted with praise and hope by both the British and Irish governments. The IRA were less interested in killing people, but they absolutely still did. There is not a normative position emerging from the existing literature. Leahy concludes: British intelligence did not win the intelligence war the conflict ended in a stalemate. 1798 Rebellion Enamel Pin Badge. Their violent comrades proceeded to launch a series of bombing campaigns around Northern Ireland and in Britain targeting both military targets and civilian populations. This contradictory attitude makes states reluctant in international and national law to specify comprehensive recruitment and behaviour restraints regarding informers. Empathy towards those claiming coerced recruitment and who did not set-up deaths can emerge. From 1969 until 1997, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) conducted an armed paramilitary campaign primarily in Northern Ireland and England, aimed at ending British rule in Northern Ireland in order to create a united Ireland. Irish Easter Lily - Cavan Ireland T-Shirt. The group was active from the early 20th century until the late 1990s, and was responsible for a significant number of terrorist attacks, assassinations, and other violent acts throughout the . Balousha and Sherwood, Hamas Kills 21 Suspected Informers, The Guardian, 22 August 2014; for the Israel-Palestine conflict see also Dudai and Cohen, Triangle of Betrayal and Darcy, To Serve the Enemy, 2628. Leahy, Intelligence War, 58, 210248. Operation Kenova is submitting files to the Public Prosecution Service relating to this case.113 Mainstream Republicans may partly discuss Stakeknife to refute their political opponents suggestions that Stakeknife helped force the IRA into peace.114 They also recognise how the Stakeknife investigation counters state narratives. Assisted by extensive funding from some Irish Americans, the IRA procured weapons from international arms dealers and foreign countries, including Libya. English, Armed Struggle; Leahy, Intelligence War; Taylor, Provos. 54. 81. One hundred years ago this week, the British spy was caught in what appears to be the Irish Republican Army's only authorized attack on American soil. And it was all for nothing Immoral. Formed in 1969 as the clandestine armed wing of the political movement Sinn Fein, the IRA is devoted both to removing British forces from Northern Ireland and to unifying Ireland. In 2006, Jackie McMullan, a former Republican prisoner, said: When we hear the name Jean McConville we should think about her ten children whose lives have been blighted by the horrific manner of her killing [W]orking to expose Britains dirty war doesnt absolve us from our own responsibilities whatever negative consequences.95. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Contrasting opinions towards informing amongst self-confessed or alleged informers further facilitates the state and Republicans adopting a multifaceted response. Reasons outlined above including self-preservation, protecting current and previous agents and intelligence activities account for this approach. 114. There is a perception that Irish Republicans have a unique hatred for informers. For more information please visit our Permissions help page. McGuinness said the IRA posed no threat. Of course, secrecy is risky here. March 20, 1993: Two boys, ages 3 and 12 are killed, and another 50-some people were injured, during an IRA bombing at a shopping area in Warrington, England where bombs were placed in trash cans. The logical fallacy in the question comes from confusing means and ends. The Provisional IRA emerged from a split in the Irish Republican Army in 1969, partly as a result of that organisation's perceived failure to defend Catholic . Bell, J. Bower, The Secret Army. Academic and Higher Education Webinars, C.V. Starr & Co. 8. When the IRA did bombings, they'd do phonecalls and tell people "Don't go there, we're bombing it." Did the Ulster Loyalists do that? It never deflected the course of Irish history, but gave rise to ordinary suffering and long-lasting grief.115, For pro-peace process Republicans, Stakeknife resembles British security forces unethical and immoral behaviour in collusion cases with Loyalist paramilitaries in certain Irish civilian deaths.116 They believe Stakeknife further demonstrates the continued illegitimacy of British rule.117. The Provisional IRA soon becomes known as simply the IRA, while the other faction, known as the Original IRA, quickly diminishes in stature. Dudai, Underground Penality, 379382. McIntyre is the author of Good Friday: The Death of Irish Republicanism (2008). See examples including English, Armed Struggle, 303315; OBrien, Long War, 13, 159168, 195200, 238322; Taylor, Provos, 277327; Dochartaigh, Deniable Contact, 188276; Dixon, Was the IRA Defeated?, 303320. The Presidents Inbox. One example is Eamon Molloy. PIRA recruitment soared, and the official wing of the organization fell away into obscurity. The provisional Irish Republican Army, or IRA, is an outgrowth of an older group known as the Irish Republican Army, which fought an insurgency that successfully challenged British rule in the whole of Ireland in the early years of the twentieth century. Public pressure from Irish Nationalist has certainly grown about the Stakeknife case.141 The state perhaps realised continued silence might enable Republicans to control the narrative surrounding Stakeknife and damage the states reputation. In April 1999, the IRA apologised for disappearing and said it wanted to rectify any injustice.91 From the initial nine names provided, the IRA claimed seven were informers. Rob Lewis, a former British agent handler, has written: [t]he world of the informant is a very lonely one.158 We suggest this remains the case post-conflict. 34. 74. For examples, see McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 1268, 3317, 3411. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The IRA were not delegitimising its campaign here. McConvilles remains were found by a member of the public on a beach in county Louth in 2003.93 Three of the disappeared remain missing.94. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. The 1916-1921 warfare culminated in the creation of an independent Irish Free State in 1921. Leahy, Intelligence War, 191197; McDonald, Sean OCallaghan, The Guardian, 29 August 2017; OCallaghan, The Informer. Organized by Michael Eamon De Valera, The Irish revolutionary leader and . Some self-confessed informers argue publicly that informing was morally justified. Major IRA terrorist attacks include: The IRA, through intermediaries and its political wing, Sinn Fein, opened talks with the government of British Prime Minister John Major in the mid-1990s. 22. The IRA became adept at raising money in Northern Ireland through extortion, racketeering, and other illegal activities, and it policed its own community through punishment beatings and mock trials. The British rigged elections, deliberately targeted Irish people and let Unionist Terrorists walk free, and they did massacres far deadlier than the IRA. These terms, however, proved unacceptable to a substantial number of IRA members. The young Irish Republican Army leader died on April 10, 1923, leaving behind a local girl he'd promised to marry when hostilities had ceased. The Provisional Irish Republican Army. Willie Carlin, BBC HardTalk, 28 October 2019. Informer is a term frequently used by academics, security services and armed groups related to the conflict. 25. I think what brought about the conditions for the ending of hostilities was: - The hurt created to both communities by decades of fighting. Ignoring these requests potentially risked Sinn Fin losing support. 145. 84. Backgrounder Edwards, Agents of Influence, 225228. Instead, Republicans suggest celebrity informers and the state acted unethically.89 Republican community apathy and opposition in particular to celebrity informer cases is evident. Donaldson went into hiding. Her family deny the informer accusations. Yet the actions of specific informers have contributed to this situation. He suggests the IRA leadership and upper echelons were not infiltrated to any great extent, and explains why they were not significantly assisted by agents in convincing most Republicans towards peace.21 It is important to note other authors before and after Leahy have argued the conflict ended in a stalemate too. At the same time, Aldrich and Cormac believe the neither confirm nor deny ambiguity is partly to enable powerful state narratives to be sustained.130 Ambiguities in international and national law facilitate state silence over the recruitment, actions and treatment of informers to some extent.131 State omniscience combined with secrecy about most informers makes it difficult for self-confessed informers to challenge state narratives. Dudais suggestion of the IRAs varied response to informers during the conflict can be applied to the post-conflict period. We're used to it. * Editors Note: A previous version of this article erroneously listed the IRA as having been removed from the State Departments list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations in 2000. From its inception, however, the IRA operated independently of political control and in some periods actually took the upper hand in the independence movement. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Irish-Republican-Army, Ohio State University - Origins - The Provisional Irish Republican Army, Council on Foreign Relations - Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, "the provos," glaigh na hireann) (UK separatists), Irish Republican Army - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Irish Republican Army - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), IRA splinter group claims responsibility for police shooting, IRA dissidents suspected of shooting N Ireland detective. 18. The case eventually collapsed. but failed to act on the logic of that action," he said. During the strike, he is elected to a vacant seat in British Parliament, but dies May 5. Republican leaders cannot risk ignoring this hostility. Sections one and two of this article explore IRA and UK state responses to alleged informers. To do so in time of war makes the crime unforgiveable.63 Dudai points out how punishing informers challenged state authority and maintained social cohesion within Republican communities.64 After publicly ending its campaign in 2005, the contemporary political repercussions for Sinn Fin were too great if the IRA continued targeting informers.65 Post-conflict, the mainstream Republican response to alleged informer legacy cases has varied. 157. He died in 2017.81, OCallaghan claims he informed for moral reasons.82 Republicans say OCallaghan told lies and made outlandish accusations.83 For Republicans, celebrity informers sensationalise stories to get moral reward for paid perjury.84 Dudai believes media appearances by celebrity informers enhance the [Republican] hostility towards them as they appear to side with Republicanisms contemporary political opponents.85, Republicans also believe most people informed due to fear or greed. In 1970 two members of the Fianna Fil government in Ireland, including future prime minister Charles Haughey, were tried for importing arms for the IRA; they subsequently were acquitted. Frampton, Agents and Ambushes; Matchett, Secret Victory; Moran, Evaluating Special Branch; Bamford, The Role and Effectiveness of Intelligence in Northern Ireland; Dingley and Kirk-Smith, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland. 140. But their studies addressed wider questions about the reasons for the peace process. Republican community perceptions alongside contemporary political considerations influence whether Republican leaders portray an alleged informer as a folk devil. Their accounts are often characterized by an over-privileging of their heroic agency and do not include references to coercive recruitment that has been a feature of most informer careers.152. Jones. Sinn Fins strong recent electoral performances suggest minimal adverse impacts from the apologies. : Irish Republican Ar . https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/smithwick-tribunal-final.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246867/0802.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/247461/0947.pdf, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/20457, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10570, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/22/hamas-executes-suspected-infomers-gaza, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684520500425273, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/people-found, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3208620.stm, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/08/ira-informer-martin-mcgartland-secret-hearing-mi5, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/the-son-raymond-gilmour-hadnt-seen-for-33-years-tells-of-his-relief-at-death-of-the-supergrass-35187017.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/raymond-gilmour-abandoned-ira-supergrass-lay-dead-in-his-flat-for-up-to-a-week-35171158.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/government-to-introduce-statute-of-limitations-on-troubles-prosecutions-40651230.html, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2017.1349036, https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310903027132, https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2012.697618, https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830601084642, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20272671, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/incoming/former-intelligence-agent-kevin-fulton-who-was-born-in-newry-but-now-lives-somewhere-in-the-uk-is-in-hiding-from-the-ira-and-suing-the-british-government-for-a-severance-package-here-the-man-whose-been-described-variously-as-a-nuisance-a-rel-28026822.html, https://www.derryjournal.com/news/gilmour-collapse-1984-trial-against-derry-35-764619, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/hamas-amnesty-palestinian-spying-israel, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19131, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670882.2016.1264097, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6989698.stm, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/5262, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16645, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/4724, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46598765, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/real-ira-claims-responsibility-for-2006-murder-of-denis-donaldson-1.743805, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10046, https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1517299, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/3592, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/02/former-british-spy-martin-mcgartland-police-report-confirms-shot-by-ira, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/30/ira-informer-stakeknife-arrested-in-investigation, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/29/sean-o-callaghan-obituary, http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu:81/paved.html, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-spys-tale-the-life-and-death-of-denis-donaldson-6104526.html, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/15875, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16686, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/apology-from-ira-for-youth-s-murder-welcomed-1.1161994, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/more-than-20-people-may-be-prosecuted-after-stakeknife-inquiry-1.4038780, https://sluggerotoole.com/2006/01/18/exiles_cannot_expect_a_welcome_home/, https://www.dannymorrison.com/the-times-of-no-10s-main-murderer/, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684521003588070, https://policinginsight.com/features/interview/operation-kenova-the-pain-for-these-families-has-never-gone-away-says-former-chief/, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0511/breaking31.html, https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v15i1p107, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/o-loan-finds-no-evidence-mcconville-was-a-spy-1.789556, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49913050, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1647, http://www.belfastdaily.co.uk/2014/05/26/revealed-mcguinness-legal-threat-over-raymond-gilmour-book/, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/missing, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684529708432416, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-51318297, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1181, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27235088, https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3csy98m, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Whether or not an alleged informers repentance is genuine is unknown. by Anthony Braniff, An Phoblacht, 25 September 2003. The Provisional Irish Republican Army, or IRA, was the best known of the conflict's paramilitary groups. The IRAs activities against the British during World War II severely embarrassed the Irish government, which remained neutral. The UK states and IRAs multidimensional approach to dealing with informer legacy has been seen in other contexts. Updates? 39. In some more controversial cases the state has not prevented investigations commencing, such as Operation Kenovas investigations into Stakeknife. Both sides felt they were fighting for their country. When the IRA said Brits out, the army werent the only Brits in Northern Ireland. (shelved 1 time as irish-republican-army) avg rating 4.05 40 ratings published 2003. In response, the BBC ran a poll to understand the shifting political views of people in . 6. With no clear winner, no dominant conflict narrative emerges. December 6, 2022, Backgrounder Dudai, Informers, 4046; Leahy, Intelligence War, 3, 198; OToole, Stakeknife, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003; Lane, Stakeknife story, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003. In August 1999, An Phoblacht claimed Republicans were helping a man forced to inform after being caught stealing. State power over informer revelations and secrecy also create different responses. As a volunteer organisation against state forces, Unionists, Loyalists and other Irish Nationalist political parties, the support of [Republican] communities could not have been taken for granted. The UK often maintains secrecy about IRA informer identities to protect national security. The British rigged elections, deliberately targeted Irish people and let Unionist Terrorists walk free, and they did massacres far deadlier than the IRA. Hewitt, Snitch!, 566; Leahy, Intelligence War, 11. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Police in Northern Ireland say they were reviewing an unverified statement by an Irish Republican Army splinter group claiming responsibility for the shooting of a senior police officer, A senior Northern Ireland police officer is in critical but stable condition in a hospital after two masked men shot him after he coached a childrens soccer team. He indicated, however, that Thatcher played a role in opening up secret channels of communications with the IRA, but that it was not properly utilised until after she stepped down as prime minister. Cohen, Folk Devils, viixliv, 517, 217218, 224; Dudai, Informers, 3248. In 2013, Hamas offered collaborators short-term amnesties.53 The African National Congress discussed their treatment of informers during South Africas Truth and Reconciliation Commission.54 In terms of state behaviour, the Israeli government persuaded the Palestinian authority not to persecute former collaborators and to grant amnesties in the Oslo Accords.55 Yet Cohen and Dudai suggest the Israeli state ignores other informer cases involving alleged human rights violations during recruitment.56 International comparisons also suggest informers have different motives and justifications, which is similar to Northern Ireland. Al-Shabaab remains capable of carrying out massive attacks in Somalia and nearby countries despite a long-running African Union offensive against the Islamist terrorist group. The Loyalists were well, a lot of fucked up shit happened. Different responses in response, the Irish government, which remained neutral Education Webinars C.V.... 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