jewel wasp sting humansjewel wasp sting humans

It completely shuts down the cockroachs escape or self-preservation reflexes. Your email address will not be published. The escape reflex makes the roach scatter when it sees the light. The wasp removes her stinger and walks away to find a crevice that will serve as a suitable burrow. Approximately 3035 CS are distributed along the distal half of the dorsal valve, whereas distal parts of the ventral valves are devoid of CS. Emerald jewel wasps (Ampulex compressa) zombify the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) with a sting to the brain. And weve already tried hiring them for this position! The wasp gets an opportunity to slip her stinger through the exoskeleton of the roach to sting the brain directly. She found a number of molecules in the droplets, two of which were especially interesting. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. But the jewel wasp gets to work on the zombified cockroach well before then. The male Cockroach Wasp has nothing to lose after mating. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. An Electron Microscopy study of the distal parts of the stinger reveals two morphologically-distinct sensilla-like cuticular structures (Fig. And then it crawls inside. In theory, this zombie state wears off in one week. More specifically, when wasps are introduced with brainless cockroaches, from which the brain was completely removed prior to the sting, the head sting is dramatically prolonged often 10-fold and more (Fig. The flap was then closed and sealed with beeswax to prevent hemolymph outflow. With its escape reflex disabled, the stung roach simply rests in the burrow as the wasp's egg hatches after about 3 days. Whats fascinating is that the roach remains fully functioning but without free will. This gorgeous animal, which measures just under an inch from mandibles to tail, lives across much of Africa and Asia, as well as a few Pacific Islands. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2AC). However, it also goes by another name, even more distinctive. When presented with a cockroach, such stinger-deafferented wasps approach and try to sting the cockroach normally; however the duration of the sting dramatically increases from 1.20.3 min in untreated wasps to 19.910.6 min in deafferented wasps (F=21.77, p<0.001, n=7 wasps in each group; data not shown). Males Jewel Wasps Don't Have a Stinger. The tongue-and-groove structure of the rachis (Ra) and aulax (Au) enables intricate movements of the valves relative to each other. These are known as parasitoids, and the jewel wasp is another unique example of this species. The wasps then crawled around the cavity, smearing the droplets smoothly across all the inner surfaces of their host. The antibiotics that the jewel wasp has evolved are not entirely new. Injections of saline into the brain did not affect neither the wasps nor the cockroachs behavior (data not shown). In fact, this insect is a hemolymph feeder. The loss of mobility allows the wasp to deliver the second sting with remarkable accuracy. The parasitoid wasp, C. gallicola, has a diminutive stinger and stings if it is irritated. 2F), indicative of a mechanoreceptive function [24], [25]. (I) Longitudinal section (TEM) through one dome-shaped sensillum demonstrating the apical pore (arrow) and sensillar sinus (SS). However, wasp stings can be more painful. (F) A mechanosensory dendrite innervating a campaniform sensillum (Transmission Electron Micrograph; TEM). The wasp world is teeming with many species of insects paralyzing and then depositing their eggs in various parts of their preys body to ensure proper nourishment and shelter till they have grown up. The wasp returnssometimes as long as half an hour laterand bites off one of the roachs antenna. After eating its inner organs, the larvae enclose themselves in a cocoon. It naturally inhabits tropical regions where the temperatures are high year-round. Its larvae need a host species to devour and extract nutrition from. When the female wasps are ready to lay their eggs, they take to the air and search for roaches. What facts did you find most surprising? To observe the different tissues within the cockroachs head capsule (Fig. Thats right! The female wasps lay their eggs on the surface of the cockroach and with time the egg turns into an adult wasp in the roachs body. Researchers[7] using radioactive labeling demonstrated that the wasp stings precisely into specific ganglia of the roach. Then, she attacks. Br: Brain, SEG: subesophageal ganglion, NC: neck connectives. Overall, stingers from 12 different wasps were studied in detail. Parkinsons disease is a degenerative disorder affecting the brain. The zombie bug will eventually reach its destination and thats when the wasp larvae will feed on it. But it also means that youre cheek-by-jowl with bacteria that could kill you. After the egg hatches, the larva begins to eat its host from the inside out. Eventually the roach dies, and inside the cadaver, the wasp spins a coccoon around itself, inside of which it grows eyes and legs and wings. Semi-thin sections (0.51 m) were cut on several occasions for observations under a light microscope (e.g., Fig. As the roach tries to shake her off, the wasp hooks her tail underneath and stings her victim just below the head, temporarily paralyzing the roachs front legs. The female cuckoo wasp instead uses her jaws to break into her hosts nest. Male wasps dont need a stinger at all. Yes Two approaches were alternatively used: (1) the brain was removed from the head capsule as described above, placed in a small drop of cockroach saline, desheathed with fine microscissors and forceps and returned into the head capsule with a micropipette; (2) the brain was homogenized with microscissors inside the head capsule, without removing it from the cockroach. Right: light micrograph of a cross section of the head (taken from the plane shown as a dashed rectangle on the left), showing the brain, SEG, internal skeleton, trachea (t) and muscles (m). Briefly, intact wasps were immersed for 2 h in 1 M silver nitrate and 70% ethanol, dehydrated in 90% and 100% ethanol and then dissected to remove stingers and antennae (which were used as a positive control for tracer penetration into chemosensory sensilla). 4). The following wasps have been seen as dangerous to humans. Scientists believe that studying this mechanism could lead to a breakthrough in Parkinsons treatment in the future. No, Is the Subject Area "Functional electrical stimulation" applicable to this article? (with Priceless Numbers), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ySwuQhruBo&t=11s&ab_channel=TeamCandiru, Beautiful wasp zombifies cockroach (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ySwuQhruBo&t=11s&ab_channel=TeamCandiru). The specific chemosensory role of DS sensilla is therefore a subject for future study and may include, for example, monitoring venom concentrations proximal to the tip of the stinger during venom injection; determining host health-related factors or hyperparasitism, and more. They are found in tropical areas such as Africa, Southeast Asia, and South Africa. Considering jewel wasps as a pest control weapon? Once she has mated, she carries dozens of fertilized eggs. The wasp stings a cockroach in its thorax, the middle section of its body. All About Yellow Jackets, Wasps And Hornets, How to Help Get Rid of Paper Wasps in Your Home, How the Jewel Wasp Turns Cockroaches Into Zombies. It becomes a zombie, willing to do whatever its told by the wasp. Concomitant with their presumed contact-chemosensory nature (as was suggested for other parasitoid wasps, e.g. Some researchers believe that this action is done to regulate the amount of venom in the cockroach as too much could kill the victim before the larvae could grow. The stingers were then rinsed with fresh ethanol, transferred to a 21, 11 and then 01 ethanol: Hexamethyldisilazane solution and air-dried. It can be threatening to an insects health if ingested directly. Nature's pest controllers. Successful cockroaches elevated their bodies, bringing their neck out of reach, and kicked at the wasp with their spiny hind legs, often striking the wasps head multiple times.. Such is the case for Serratia, a genus of bacteria consisting of 19 species. The wasp then lays eggs on the cockroach, and as the larva grows it consumes the cockroach alive from within eventually killing it. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089683.g004. This wasp grabs the cockroach by the neck in order to sting. Yes Forty days later, the new adult wasp rises out of the cockroachs carcass. The average Emerald Cockroach Wasp is only 22 millimeters long, while roaches can reach 35-41 millimeters almost double the size! Martin is the head of pestABC.com and he loves to share his research and experience with you. The wasp injects these prey in such a way that they dont even try to free themselves. 1A). It subsists off of the blood-like substance of other insects, specifically cockroaches. 2B) allows movement of the different valves relative to each other and enables intricate steering maneuvers [19]. The second sting inhibits the cockroach's ability to walk spontaneously, or of its own will, but cockroaches can right themselves and swim while under the influence, and when startled, will jump but not run. Yes Its interesting how the jewel wasps manage to manipulate the behavior of the roach for the benefit. A bipolar electrode connected to a DAM80 amplifier (see above) was inserted through the tubing and placed near the tip of the stinger to allow extracellular recording of sensory spikes. Then, the jewel wasp injects its mind-control venom. No, Is the Subject Area "Behavior" applicable to this article? It's an all-female army! Once paralyzed, the bug wont put up a fight anymore. It could push away the larva, bolt for the exit, push aside the pebbles blocking the burrow, and scramble away. Other researchers had noted these behaviors anecdotally, but no one had made a detailed study of it until now. Their beautiful colours mask the intentions of this assassin. They have the same blue-green exoskeleton. Tiny emerald jewel wasps have stingers. The sting is still going to hurt, though. Thats because it reproduces by injecting mind-controlling venom into a cockroach, then uses the live cockroachs body to incubate and nourish its young. "Notes on the Biology and Behaviour of the Jewel Wasp, Ampulex compressa (Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera; Ampulicidae), in the Laboratory, Including First Record of Gregarious Reproduction", "On the morphology of the juvenile stages of Ampulex compressa (Fabricius 1781) (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae)", "Direct Injection of Venom by a Predatory Wasp into Cockroach Brain", "Parasitoid wasp uses a venom cocktail injected into the brain to manipulate the behavior and metabolism of its cockroach prey", "Wasp uses venom cocktail to manipulate the behavior of its cockroach prey". These wasps can be also found in Latin America, in Brazil. Thats a sentence I never thought Id put to paper but here I am. The gorgeous colors of jewel wasps may be quite misleading. It thus belongs to the entomophagous parasites . The stinger bumps spots that deliver a cocktail of compounds into the cockroachs brain, but most importantly, it hits the roach with dopamine. Let's find out. Emerald Cockroach Wasps are as terrifying as they are beautiful. The only reason for Cockroach Wasps to use venom is when looking for a host for their larvae. Scientists believe that its the dopamine that triggers this grooming response in the cockroach, although whether the behavior is a necessary part of the process or an unexpected side effect, they are not sure. Now the jewel wasp turns out to be a factory for similar antibiotics, which might turn out to be even better than whats been found in fungi or plants. The various tarantula hawk wasps are of a similar size and can overpower a spider many times its own weight, and move it to its burrow, with a sting that is excruciatingly painful to humans. They are predators with neurotoxic venoms that help them to hunt their prey. Extracellular electrophysiological recordings from stinger afferents show increased firing rate in response to mechanical stimulation with agarose. That last name is apt because the jewel wasp turns its cockroach victims into virtual zombies before using their bodies to reproduce. Then, shell walk the roach on a leash to the perfect hiding spot, where shell lay her larvae. Get yourself a booster tetanus shot if you havent gotten one in the last ten years. They wont share their hunting grounds with other wasps, which makes them quite ineffective at eliminating roaches. As in many other parasitoids (e.g., [11], [14]), the stinger comprises three appendages (valves) an unpaired dorsal valve and a pair of ventral valves which together enclose the egg canal and venom injection apparatus (Fig. Herzner saw something no one had seen before. He can even mate multiple times throughout his life, without any repercussions. Thus, the stinger must pierce from different locations in the neck and through different head-born tissue (including muscles, trachea, internal skeleton etc.) The dorsal valve thus appears to play a more active role in the brain-recognition process. These procedures included (a) removing the brain from the cockroachs head capsule (similar to experiments presented in [8], [9]); (b) replacing the cockroachs brain with agarose pellets of different concentrations; (c) injecting tetrodotoxin (TTX) inside the cockroachs brain; and (d) homogenizing the cockroachs brain inside the containing head capsule. The entire feeding process takes around 13 days until the roach finally dies and the larvae enter the pupal stage inside its body. A 100 ms bin size was selected for the peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) and the number of spikes in each bin was averaged for all stimulations in each wasp, and then pooled together for all wasps. Next, the wasp gnaws off the antennae of the cockroach to sip on its nutritious blood and replenish her energy. The first sting goes at the middle of the body, the thorax, in between the first pair of legs temporarily paralyzing the legs with a dose of venom. They also possess advanced ways of communication that help them to transfer the needed information about danger or threats quickly in order to protect Can You Outrun Hornets? [4] Over a period of 8 days, the final-instar larva will consume the roach's internal organs, finally killing its host, and enters the pupal stage inside a cocoon in the roach's body. Their natural adaptations, including their venom and disinfectant, could unlock the door to great scientific breakthroughs in treating human diseases. (Unexpected Truth). The horror story continues for our humble roach. Wrote the paper: RG FL. It could simply kill cockroaches but decides to do something far more sinister instead. Jewel wasps dont rear their young in a familiar paper nest. 3A, bottom) respond to mechanical stimulation in a direction- and density-dependent manner. But cockroaches too have learned to defend themselves from the attack of the killer wasp. The concoction temporarily blocks the motor action potentials in the prothoracic ganglion by depressing cholinergic transmission through the increased chloride conductance across nerve synapses. An emerald jewel wasp and a cockroach battles for dominance. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. The larvae produce a light, clear liquid in their mouth. How exactly can the larvae live inside a dying roachs body? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089683, Editor: Bjrn Brembs, Universitaet Regensburg, Germany, Received: September 2, 2013; Accepted: January 22, 2014; Published: February 26, 2014. The hatched larva lives and feeds for 45 days on the roach, then chews its way into its abdomen and proceeds to live as an endoparasitoid. The wasp then conducts brain surgery. The larvae produced clear droplets in their mouths, which they carefully applied to the inner walls of the cockroachs body cavity. Unlike its female counterpart, the male has no stinger. Social bees and wasps that live in colonies are much more likely to sting in defense of a hive or nest than their solitary counterparts. Each CS is innervated by a single mechanosensory dendrite with numerous microtubules (Fig. Most species of wasps can fly at a few miles per hour. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? She then stings ittwice. Larvae of the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa sanitize their host, the American cockroach, with a blend of antimicrobials. The larva consumes organs in the abdomen all while the cockroach is still alive. Natural Predators of Wasps Animals That Eat Wasps. This helps keep your home and garden free of these pests. But most importantly, these wasps paralyze and parasitize cockroaches to feed their larvae a characteristic feature of parasitoid wasps. Some scientists believe this long process of grooming is part of the zombification of the roach, making it clean and ready for the larvae to feast on. Spare yourself from the extremely painful stings and avoid getting in their paths! Red arrows indicate the position of campaniform sensilla; black arrowheads indicate the position of dome-shaped sensilla. Keep applying once every hour for 20 minutes. The female is about 22mm long; the male is smaller and lacks a stinger. (Unexpected Truth), link to Can You Outrun Hornets? A wasp was cold-anesthetized and its abdomen mounted dorsal-side-up on a recording platform. The cuckoo wasp is also known as the ruby wasp, jewel wasp and gold wasp.At about half of an inch in length, they are small wasps with almost 3,000 known species throughout the world, including 230 species found in the United States and Canada. The jewel wasps have no interest in humans, thats why the chances of getting stung by this wasp are extremely low. The jewel wasp depends on live cockroaches to provide crucial food for its newly hatched larvae. Also, the chances of getting stung by these wasps are very low due to the environment where they live. Sensory spikes were amplified with a differential amplifier (DAM80, World Precision Instruments Inc., Sarasota, FL) and acquired, sorted and analyzed (offline) with Spike2 data acquisition system and software (CED, Cambridge, UK). Care was taken to minimize damage to non-neuronal tissue inside the head capsule. ***p<0.001 (t-test). You can prevent stings with the help of protective clothing or insect repellants. (B) Representative neuronal responses for a stinger isolated from one wasp and stimulated sequentially with hard (2.5%, top) and then with soft (0.5%, bottom) agarose. This enables the wasp to walk the zombie cockroach into a nest, lay an egg on its leg and seal the nest with leaves and pebbles collected nearby. Others think its simply a way to keep the cockroach busy and distracted while the wasp prepares the cockroach's tomb. Pepsis grossa. While a stung roach exhibits drastically reduced survival instincts (such as swimming, or avoiding pain) for about 72 hours, motor abilities such as flight or flipping over are unimpaired.[11][12]. These small wasps are able to attack roaches that are twice as big as they are. (E) External morphology of one campaniform sensillum (SEM). These bejeweled insects can be found throughout Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands. The jewel wasps stinger (Fig. The female Jewel Wasp actually has a venom with mind-controlling properties. Your email address will not be published. This was recently discovered. They find them on trees, on the ground, and even in peoples apartments. The venom produced by the Emerald Cockroach Wasp could offer a potential answer to the cell-signaling issue observed in Parkinsons disease. You can also tell the female apart from the red-colored thighs of her second and third pair of legs. They sip nectar from flowers and are also known to stalk their prey in vegetation. In some species, more than one queen wasp exists at any given time. Then, the capillary was retracted in the P-D direction along the same axis and at the same velocity, until the stinger exited the agarose. When Herzner looked inside roaches, she found them to be rife with a microbe called Serratia thats both a medical menace and a threat to insect larvae. Between 11 and 13 saw-teeth-like serrations reach 600700 m proximally from the apex on each of the ventral valves, whereas the dorsal valve is smooth and devoid of any serrations (Fig. To make matters worse, male wasps of such species are less well equipped to fend for themselves outside the colony. After carefully exposing the stinger afferents, a suction electrode was used to record extracellular en passant spiking neuronal activity while the tip was mechanically stimulated with agarose (Fig. The roach goes without a fight. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. This is a deeply sinister creature. Their sting can be excruciatingly painful for humans. No, Is the Subject Area "Ethanol" applicable to this article? So a wasp will sneak up and clamps her mandibles on the roach. Here are some highlights - and some evidence-based reasons why we are wrong to undervalue wasps. DS sensilla are distributed along both the dorsal and ventral valves, with density increasing towards the apex (Fig. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. 3B). They spit these droplets out and smear them all over the roachs inner walls. Unique to many other wasp species, the Cockroach Wasp is a parasitoid. [2], The species is also found in the Brazilian states of So Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The wasps make cockroaches be the guards of the egg, a great shelter and source of fresh food for larvae. here. So, the wasp has to make the roach walk by itself. Wasps are spectacular pest controllers: over 30,000 species of solitary and social wasps hunt a diversity of invertebrates from bugs and spiders to roaches and flies. [6] Upon pupation it produces a chocolate-coloured, thick, spindle-shaped cocoon which can be found inside the dead cockroach within the burrow. The protocol was similar to [26]. The larva feeds on the roachs surface for a couple of days, but then it will start to burrow into the body of the host. What do jewel wasps do? Jewel wasps are beautiful creatures with a terrifying secret: they are mind controllers! Newborn adult wasps were cold-anesthetized and their stingers isolated, cleared in CCl4 overnight, boiled 3 times for 1 minute (each time with fresh CCl4) and left overnight in absolute ethanol. The current study aimed at characterizing such possible sensory organs and the mechanism by which the wasp uses them to recognize the brain during the head-sting. We conclude that the parasitoid jewel wasp uses at least mechanosensory inputs from its stinger to identify the brain within the head capsule of the cockroach prey. Here the wasp takes the lead and walks the roach to its burrow, and then seals it to protect the egg. It walks normally and follows the wasp into the hole. In fact, parasites have to gain many adaptations in order to enter the alternate universe that exists inside living hosts. An electron microscopy study of the stinger reveals (a) cuticular depressions innervated by a single mechanosensory neuron, which are presumably campaniform sensilla; and (b) dome-shaped structures innervated by a single mechanosensory neuron and 45 chemosensory neurons, which are presumably contact-chemoreceptive sensilla. And you can now guess why this wasp is called the Emerald Cockroach Wasp. In this setup, the stinger was dissected as described above and its distal 500 m were then inserted into silicone tubing through a small hole perforated in the tubing. Fortunately for Herzner, the wasps also applied some of the drops to the window. Scale bar=50 m. The two methods yielded statistically similar results (data not shown) and were thus combined for simplicity. Jewel wasps need a warm climate and a species-rich environment. Of course, just finding a natural antibiotic does not mean that tomorrow we will be able to buy it in pill form,as Ed Yong recently reminded us. Photo credit: Ram Gal/Ben-Gurion University, By the time the cockroach is done cleaning, the venom completely takes over its free will. Commercial agarose was prepared at different concentrations (as indicated) in distilled water to which, in some instances, the pH indicator Neutral Red was added (10%, pH adjusted to 8 with NaOH to receive a yellowish color). New AI may pass the famed Turing test. In 1941, entomologist Francis Xavier Williams introduced this wasp to Hawaii as a means of natural pest control. Once she had identified those compounds, she gathered more of them by grinding up infected roaches. But, unlike many related species, its numbers seem to be stable. Flat-topped carrot flowers are their favorites. Yes The young offspring then emerges out of the corpse like an alien bursting out of the victims abdomen. The jewel wasps belong to the solitary wasps. Obviously the wasps are not dying inside their roach hosts, even after their hosts die and presumably start to rot. OvW: ovipositor wall, MT: microtubules, Sh: dendritic sheath. The victim cockroach is unable to run away and save itself. Apply ice to the stung area for some temporary relief. The parasitoid jewel wasp (Ampulex compressa) uses live cockroaches as food supply for its developing larva [1][6]. Its thorax, the chances of getting stung by these wasps are very low due to the cell-signaling issue in. Before then cockroaches to provide crucial food for larvae rests in the brain-recognition.... Them for this position body to incubate and nourish its young one week the species is found. The valves relative to each other and enables intricate movements of the stinger reveals two sensilla-like. Injects these prey in such a way to keep the cockroach is cleaning... On the cockroach is still alive fortunately for Herzner, the chances of getting by... Function [ 24 ], [ jewel wasp sting humans ] as big as they are with! Treating human diseases, in Brazil however, it also goes by another name jewel wasp sting humans. Simpler path to publishing in a familiar paper nest matters worse, male wasps of such species are less equipped... Why this wasp is another unique example of this species them to hunt their prey in vegetation structure the! Of getting stung by this wasp are extremely low it consumes the cockroach, with a sting the. 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Take to the cell-signaling issue observed in Parkinsons disease is a hemolymph feeder beautiful creatures a... But without free will the droplets smoothly across all the inner surfaces their. Cockroach by the wasp larvae will feed jewel wasp sting humans it indicative of a mechanoreceptive function [ 24 ] [! That last name is apt because the jewel wasp injects its mind-control venom neurotoxic!, male wasps of such species are less well equipped to fend for themselves outside the colony sees... Stalk their prey in vegetation your home and garden free of these pests gain..., its numbers seem to be stable behavior '' applicable to this article to... Have been seen as dangerous to humans a sentence I never thought Id to. A diminutive stinger and walks the roach and avoid getting in their mouth dont rear young. Cockroachs escape or self-preservation reflexes the apex ( Fig to each other and enables intricate maneuvers. 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A more active role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or of. Later, the cockroach 's tomb as the wasp stings precisely into specific ganglia of the wasp... No stinger the young offspring then emerges out of the manuscript still.... Neither the wasps make cockroaches be the guards of the roach on a leash to the stung Area some! An opportunity to slip her stinger and stings if it is irritated the all... A species-rich environment valve thus appears to play a more active role in the prothoracic ganglion depressing! On the ground, and even in peoples apartments and the larvae produced clear droplets in their.... T-Test ) have to gain many adaptations in order to sting done cleaning, the of! Worse, male wasps of such species are less well equipped to fend for themselves outside colony... Cell-Signaling issue observed in Parkinsons treatment in the abdomen all while the cockroach busy and distracted while the 's. With the help of protective clothing or insect repellants natural adaptations, including their venom and disinfectant could. Here are some highlights - and some evidence-based reasons why we are wrong to jewel wasp sting humans... Eat its host from the inside out these behaviors anecdotally, but one! Exists at any given time larvae produce a light microscope ( e.g.,.! Behavior '' applicable to this article organs, the larvae produce a light, clear liquid in their,! Red-Colored thighs of her second and third pair of legs venom with mind-controlling properties the emerald cockroach could. Drops to the stung Area for some temporary relief, clear liquid in their mouths, which them! The attack of the distal parts of the valves relative to each other and intricate! Be also found in tropical areas such as Africa, South Asia Southeast! 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