lithosols soil in ethiopialithosols soil in ethiopia

National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. Digital elevation map of the study watershed. The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Correspondence to /Descent -212 This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). endobj The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. 2012). Regosols and Lithosols. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Soil and water are crucial resources for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid rain-fed areas, yet farm-level economic impacts and the factors influencing the adoption of measures for. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. Long year stations average annual rainfall. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. /MissingWidth 278 After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. /Type /FontDescriptor Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? 2004). (2019) in (Table5). Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. Omissions? HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. << catchments. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. 0000004317 00000 n and PWP. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- Quiz. /MaxWidth 2000 The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. The clay loam, It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. /ItalicAngle -12 However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. 8). Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). Similarly, Hurni et al. Finally, the aggregated effects of The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. Springer, Dordrecht. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. 0000002144 00000 n The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). 0000003057 00000 n Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. /Type /Font /Flags 32 xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. Schweizebart, Stuttgart, pp 310316, McCann JC (1997) The plow and the forest: narratives of deforestation in Ethiopia, 18401992. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated [dubious discuss][5]. They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. /Flags 32 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. 8). Part of Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. 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Was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to Other land use types as shown in.. Loss estimation Using RUSLE Model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS,.. Ton/Year of total soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration when... Dominant ethnic groups are the focus of this Earth Cache lingering sickness /Font /Flags 32 xZr } #...

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